I-spectrometer sisixhobo senzululwazi, esisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya i-spectrum yemitha ye-electromagnetic radiations, inokubonisa uluhlu lwemitha yemitha njenge-spectrograph emele usasazo lokukhanya kokukhanya malunga nobude bobude (i-axis yi-y intensity, i-x-axis bubude obungangelanga). /ukuphindaphinda kokukhanya).Ukukhanya kwahlukile kwahlulwe kwi-wavelengths yendawo yayo ngaphakathi kwe-spectrometer ngokuqhawula umqadi, ezidla ngokuba ziiprisms eziphinda-phindayo okanye i-diffraction gratings Umfanekiso 1.
Umzobo 1 Ispectrum yeglowubhu yesibane kunye nokukhanya kwelanga (ekhohlo), umgaqo wokwahlula umqadi wegrayiti kunye neprism (ekunene)
I-Spectrometers idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulinganiseni uluhlu olubanzi lwemitha ye-optical, nokuba ngokuhlola ngokuthe ngqo i-spectrum yokukhutshwa komthombo wokukhanya okanye ngokuhlalutya ukubonakaliswa, ukufunxa, ukuhanjiswa, okanye ukusasazwa kokukhanya okulandela ukusebenzisana kwayo nento.Emva kokunxibelelana kokukhanya kunye nomcimbi, i-spectrum ifumana utshintsho kuluhlu oluthile lwe-spectral okanye i-wavelength ethile, kwaye iipropati ze-substance zingahlahlelwa ngokomgangatho okanye ngokobungakanani ngokotshintsho kwi-spectrum, njengohlalutyo lwebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali. ukubunjwa kunye nokugxininiswa kwegazi kunye nezisombululo ezingaziwayo, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-molecule, isakhiwo se-athomu kunye nokubunjwa kwe-elemental yezixhobo Umzobo 2.
Umzobo we-2 i-infrared absorption spectra yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeoyile
Ekuqaleni yayiyilelwe ukufunda i-physics, i-astronomy, i-chemistry, i-spectrometer ngoku sesinye sezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana nobunjineli bemichiza, uhlalutyo lwezixhobo, isayensi yeenkwenkwezi, ukuxilongwa kwezonyango, kunye ne-bio-sensing.Ngenkulungwane ye-17, u-Isaac Newton wakwazi ukwahlula ukukhanya kwibhanti enemibala eqhubekayo ngokudlula i-beam yokukhanya okumhlophe ngeprism kunye negama elisetyenzisiweyo elithi "Spectrum" okokuqala ukuchaza ezi ziphumo Umfanekiso wesi-3.
Umfanekiso wesi-3 u-Isaac Newton ufunda ukukhanya kwelanga ngeprism.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, isazi saseJamani uJoseph von Fraunhofer (uFranchofer), edibene neprisms, i-diffraction slits kunye ne-telescopes, yenza i-spectrometer ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokuchaneka, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya i-spectrum ye-solar emissions Fig 4. He kuqatshelwe okokuqala ukuba umbala osixhenxe welanga awuqhubeki, kodwa unemizila emininzi emnyama (ngaphezu kwama-600 emigca ecacileyo) kuwo, ubizwa ngokuba yi "Frankenhofer line".Ubize eyona migca ihluke kakhulu kule migca A, B, C…H waza wabala imigca engama-574 phakathi kuka-B kunye no-H engqamana nokufunxwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwibala lelanga Umzobo 5. Kwangaxeshanye, uFraunhofer wayekwanguye no okokuqala ukusebenzisa i-diffraction grating ukufumana i-spectra yomgca kunye nokubala ubude be-wavelength yemigca ye-spectral.
Umzobo 4. I-spectrometer yokuqala, ejongwayo nomntu
Umzobo 5 umgca weFraun Whaffe (umgca omnyama kwiribhoni)
Umzobo we-6 I-spectrum yelanga, kunye nenxalenye ye-concave ehambelana nomgca we-Fraun Wolfel
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, iingcali zefiziksi zaseJamani uKirchhoff noBunsen, basebenza kunye kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg, kunye nesixhobo somlilo esandula ukuyilwa saseBunsen (iBunsen burner) kwaye senza uhlalutyo lokuqala lwembonakalo ngokuqaphela imigca ethile yeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. (iityuwa) ezifafazwe kwi-Bunsen burner fig fig.7. Baye baqaphela ukuvavanywa komgangatho wezinto ngokujonga i-spectra, kwaye ngo-1860 bapapasha ukufunyanwa kwe-spectra yezinto ezisibhozo, kwaye bamisela ubukho bezi zinto kwizinto ezininzi zendalo.Iziphumo zabo zakhokelela ekudalweni kwesebe elibalulekileyo lekhemistri yohlalutyo lwe-spectroscopy: uhlalutyo lwe-spectroscopic.
Fig.7 Ukusabela komlilo
Kwiminyaka yama-20 yekhulu lama-20, isazi sefiziksi saseIndiya u-CV Raman wasebenzisa i-spectrometer ukufumanisa isiphumo esisasazwayo se-inelastic sokukhanya kunye neemolekyuli kwizisombululo zezinto eziphilayo.Waqaphela ukuba ukukhanya kwesiganeko kuhlakazeke ngamandla aphezulu nangaphantsi emva kokunxibelelana nokukhanya, okubizwa ngokuba yiRaman yokusabalalisa umkhiwane 8. Ukutshintshwa kwamandla okukhanya kubonisa i-microstructure yeemolekyuli, ngoko i-spectroscopy yokuchithwa kweRaman isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizinto eziphathekayo, amayeza, imichiza. kunye namanye amashishini ukuchonga nokuhlalutya uhlobo lwemolekyuli kunye nokwakheka kwezinto.
Umzobo 8 Amandla ayatshintsha emva kokuba ukukhanya kudibana neemolekyuli
Kwiminyaka yama-30 yenkulungwane yama-20, isazinzulu saseMelika uGqr.Le ndlela yokukhanya yokufunxa iquka umthombo wokukhanya, i-spectrometer, kunye nesampulu.Ubuninzi besisombululo sangoku kunye nokuchongwa koxinaniso lusekelwe kulo mbono wokufunxa usulelo.Apha, umthombo wokukhanya wahlulwe kwisampulu kwaye iprism okanye igrating iskenwa ukuze ifumane ubude bamaza ahlukeneyo Umfanekiso we-9.
Fig.9 Umgaqo-siseko wokuFumana i-Absorbance -
Kwi-40 yenkulungwane yama-20, i-spectrometer yokuqala yokufumanisa ngokuthe ngqo yaqanjwa, kwaye okokuqala, iityhubhu ze-photomultiplier ze-PMTs kunye nezixhobo zombane zathatha indawo yokubonwa kwamehlo omntu okanye ifilimu yezithombe, enokufunda ngokuthe ngqo ukuqina kwe-spectral ngokuchasene ne-wavelength Fig. 10. Ngaloo ndlela, i-spectrometer njengesixhobo sesayensi iye yaphuculwa kakhulu malunga nokulula kokusetyenziswa, ukulinganisa ubungakanani, kunye novakalelo ngexesha lexesha.
Umzobo we-10 ityhubhu ye-Photomultiplier
Embindini ukuya ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-spectrometer yayingenakuhlukaniswa nophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-optoelectronic semiconductor kunye nezixhobo.Kwi-1969, uWillard Boyle kunye noGeorge Smith weBell Labs baqulunqa iCCD (I-Charge-Coupled Device), eyaye yaphuculwa kwaye yaphuhliswa kwizicelo zokucinga nguMichael F. Topsett kwi-1970s.UWillard Boyle (ngasekhohlo), uGeorge Smith waphumelela owaphumelela iBhaso likaNobel ngokuyila iCCD (2009) eboniswe umfanekiso 11. Ngo-1980, uNobukazu Teranishi weNEC eJapan waqulunqa i-photodiode esisigxina, eyaphucula kakhulu umlinganiselo wengxolo yomfanekiso kunye isisombululo.Kamva, ngo-1995, u-Eric Fossum we-NASA we-NASA wasungula i-CMOS (i-Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) inzwa yomfanekiso, edla amandla angaphantsi kwamaxesha angama-100 kunezinzwa ze-CCD ezifanayo kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lemveliso.
Isazobe 11 Willard Boyle (ekhohlo), uGeorge Smith kunye neCCD yabo (1974)
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwe-semiconductor optoelectronic chip processing kunye neteknoloji yokuvelisa, ngokukodwa ngokusetyenziswa kweCCD kunye ne-CMOS kwi-spectrometers Umfanekiso we-12, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-spectra phantsi kwe-exposure eyodwa.Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ii-spectrometers zifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanywa kodwa kungaphelelanga ekubonweni kombala / ukulinganisa, uhlalutyo lwamaza e-laser, kunye ne-fluorescence spectroscopy, ukuhlelwa kwe-LED, i-imaging kunye nezixhobo zokubona ukukhanya, i-fluorescence spectroscopy, i-Raman spectroscopy, kunye nokunye. .
Umzobo 12 Iitshiphusi zeCCD ezahlukeneyo
Kwinkulungwane yama-21, uyilo kunye neteknoloji yokuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrometers ziye zakhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye zizinzile.Ngokukhula kwemfuno yee-spectrometers kuzo zonke iindlela zobomi, uphuhliso lwee-spectrometers luye lwakhawuleza ngakumbi kwaye lujolise ngakumbi kushishino.Ukongeza kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo zepharamitha ye-optical optical, amashishini ahlukeneyo aye alungelelanisa imfuno yobungakanani bevolumu, imisebenzi yesofthiwe, i-interfaces yonxibelelwano, isantya sokuphendula, ukuzinza, kunye neendleko ze-spectrometers, okwenza uphuhliso lwe-spectrometer lube luhluke ngakumbi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-28-2023